ʻO kahi lumi maʻemaʻe kahi ʻano kūikawā o ka kaohi kaiapuni e hiki ke kaohi i nā mea e like me ka nui o nā ʻāpana, ka haʻahaʻa, ka mahana a me ka uila static i ka lewa e hoʻokō ai i nā kūlana maʻemaʻe kikoʻī. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka lumi maʻemaʻe i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe e like me semiconductors, electronics, pharmaceuticals, aviation, aerospace, a me biomedicine.
1. Ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka lumi maʻemaʻe
Hoʻokomo pū ʻia nā lumi maʻemaʻe i nā lumi maʻemaʻe ʻoihana a me nā lumi maʻemaʻe olaola. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lumi maʻemaʻe me nā ʻōnaehana lumi maʻemaʻe, nā ʻōnaehana hana lumi maʻemaʻe, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha lua.
Pae maʻemaʻe o ka ea
He pae kūlana no ka puʻunaue ʻana i ka palena kiʻekiʻe loa o nā ʻāpana i ʻoi aku ma mua a like paha me ka nui o nā ʻāpana i manaʻo ʻia no kēlā me kēia anakahi o ka lewa ma kahi maʻemaʻe. Ma ka home, hoʻāʻo ʻia a ʻae ʻia nā lumi maʻemaʻe i nā kūlana hakahaka, kūpaʻa, a me ka loli, e like me nā "Clean Room Design Specifications" a me "Clean Room Construction and Acceptance Specifications".
Nā kūlana koʻikoʻi o ka maʻemaʻe
ʻO ke kūpaʻa mau o ka maʻemaʻe a me ka kaohi ʻana i ka haumia ke kūlana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka lumi maʻemaʻe. Ua māhele ʻia ke kūlana i kekahi mau pae e like me ke kaiapuni ʻāina a me ka maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia nā kūlana honua a me nā kūlana ʻoihana kūloko. Ua māhele ʻia nā pae kaiapuni o nā lumi maʻemaʻe (nā wahi) i ka papa 100, 1,000, 10,000, a me 100,000.
2. Pae lumi maʻemaʻe
Lumi maʻemaʻe papa 100
He wahi aneane ʻole ka lepo me kahi liʻiliʻi loa o nā ʻāpana i ka lewa. He akamai nā lako o loko a ʻaʻahu nā limahana i nā lole maʻemaʻe ʻoihana no ka hana.
Kūlana maʻemaʻe: ʻAʻole e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo me ke anawaena ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.5µm no kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi kūbita o ka ea ma mua o 100, a ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo me ke anawaena ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.1µm ma mua o 1000. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka nui loa o nā ʻāpana lepo i ʻae ʻia no kēlā me kēia mika kūbita (≥0.5μm) he 3500, ʻoiai ʻo nā ʻāpana lepo ≥5μm e koi ʻia he 0.
Ka laulā o ka noi: Hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kaʻina hana me nā koi hoʻomaʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe loa, e like me nā kaapuni hoʻohui nui, nā mea optical kiʻekiʻe a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe. Pono kēia mau kahua e hōʻoia i ka hana ʻia ʻana o nā huahana i kahi ʻano lepo ʻole e pale aku i ka hopena o nā ʻāpana i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana.
Lumi maʻemaʻe papa 1,000
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka lumi maʻemaʻe o ka papa 100, ua piʻi ka nui o nā ʻāpana i ka lewa, akā ua mau nō ia ma kahi haʻahaʻa. He kūpono ka hoʻolālā o loko a ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia nā lako.
Kūlana maʻemaʻe: ʻAʻole e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo me ke anawaena ma mua o 0.5µm i kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi kūbita o ka ea i loko o kahi lumi maʻemaʻe papa 1000 ma mua o 1000, a ʻo ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo me ke anawaena ma mua o 0.1µm ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ma mua o 10,000. ʻO ke kūlana no kahi lumi maʻemaʻe Papa 10,000, ʻo ka nui loa o nā ʻāpana lepo i ʻae ʻia no kēlā me kēia mika kūbita (≥0.5μm) he 350,000, a ʻo ka nui loa o nā ʻāpana lepo ≥5μm he 2,000.
Ka laulā o ka noi: Pili i kekahi mau kaʻina hana me nā koi hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea kiʻekiʻe, e like me ke kaʻina hana o nā aniani optical a me nā ʻāpana uila liʻiliʻi. ʻOiai ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe nā koi hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma kēia mau kahua e like me nā mea ma nā lumi maʻemaʻe o ka papa 100, pono e mālama ʻia kekahi maʻemaʻe ea e hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana.
Papa 10,000 lumi maʻemaʻe
Ke piʻi hou nei ka nui o nā ʻāpana i ka lewa, akā hiki nō iā ia ke hoʻokō i nā pono o kekahi mau kaʻina hana me nā koi maʻemaʻe waena. He maʻemaʻe a hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ke kaiapuni o loko, me nā kukui kūpono a me nā pono ea.
Kūlana maʻemaʻe: ʻAʻole e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo me ke anawaena ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.5µm i kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi kūpika o ka ea ma mua o 10,000 mau ʻāpana, a ʻo ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo me ke anawaena ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.1µm ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ma mua o 100,000 mau ʻāpana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka nui loa o nā ʻāpana lepo i ʻae ʻia no kēlā me kēia mika kūpika (≥0.5μm) he 3,500,000, a ʻo ka nui loa o nā ʻāpana lepo ≥5μm he 60,000.
Ka laulā o ka noi: Pili i kekahi mau kaʻina hana me nā koi hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea waena, e like me nā kaʻina hana lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka meaʻai. Pono kēia mau kahua e mālama i kahi haʻahaʻa o ka microbial a me kahi maʻemaʻe ea e hōʻoia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, palekana a me ke kūpaʻa o ka huahana.
Lumi maʻemaʻe papa 100,000
He nui ka nui o nā ʻāpana i ka lewa, akā hiki nō ke hoʻomalu ʻia i loko o kahi pae i ʻae ʻia. Aia paha kekahi mau lako kōkua i loko o ka lumi e mālama i ka maʻemaʻe o ka ea, e like me nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ea, nā mea hōʻiliʻili lepo, a pēlā aku.
Kūlana maʻemaʻe: ʻAʻole e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo me ke anawaena ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.5µm i kēlā me kēia kapuaʻi kūpika o ka ea ma mua o 100,000 mau ʻāpana, a ʻo ka nui o nā ʻāpana lepo me ke anawaena ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.1µm ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,000,000 mau ʻāpana. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka nui loa o nā ʻāpana lepo i ʻae ʻia no kēlā me kēia mika kūpika (≥0.5μm) he 10,500,000, a ʻo ka nui loa o nā ʻāpana lepo ≥5μm he 60,000.
Ka laulā o ka noi: Pili i kekahi mau kaʻina hana me nā koi haʻahaʻa o ka maʻemaʻe o ka ea, e like me nā mea hoʻonani, kekahi mau kaʻina hana meaʻai, a pēlā aku. He haʻahaʻa nā koi o kēia mau kahua no ka maʻemaʻe o ka ea, akā pono nō e mālama i kahi kekelē o ka maʻemaʻe e pale aku i ka hopena o nā ʻāpana ma nā huahana.
3. Ka nui o ka mākeke o ka ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe ma Kina
I kēia manawa, he kakaikahi nā ʻoihana ma ka ʻoihana lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina i holomua i ka ʻenehana a loaʻa ka ikaika a me ka ʻike e hana i nā papahana nui, a he nui nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi. ʻAʻole hiki i nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi ke hana i nā ʻoihana honua a me nā papahana lumi maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike ka ʻoihana i kēia manawa i kahi ʻano hoʻokūkū me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka mākeke ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me kahi mākeke ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe haʻahaʻa i hoʻopuehu ʻia.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lumi maʻemaʻe, a he ʻokoʻa nā koi o nā ʻoihana like ʻole no nā papa lumi maʻemaʻe. Pono e hui pū ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lumi maʻemaʻe me ka ʻoihana a me nā kaʻina hana kikoʻī o ka mea nona. No laila, i nā papahana ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe, ʻo nā hui wale nō me ka ʻenehana alakaʻi, ka ikaika ikaika, ka hana mōʻaukala kupaianaha a me ke kiʻi maikaʻi i hiki ke hana i nā papahana nui ma nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
Mai ka makahiki 1990, me ka hoʻomohala mau ʻana o ka mākeke, ua oʻo mālie ka ʻoihana lumi maʻemaʻe holoʻokoʻa, ua paʻa ka ʻenehana o ka ʻoihana ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe, a ua komo ka mākeke i kahi wā oʻo. ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe e hilinaʻi nei i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana uila, ka hana lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. Me ka hoʻoili ʻoihana o ka ʻoihana ʻike uila, e emi mālie ana ke koi no nā lumi maʻemaʻe ma nā ʻāina i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a e neʻe kā lākou mākeke ʻoihana ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe mai ka oʻo ʻana a i ka emi ʻana.
Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻoili ʻoihana, ua neʻe nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻoihana uila mai nā ʻāina i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a i ʻAsia a me nā ʻāina e kū mai ana; i ka manawa like, me ka hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻana o ka pae waiwai o nā ʻāina e kū mai ana, ua piʻi aʻe nā koi no ke olakino lapaʻau a me ka palekana meaʻai, a ua hoʻomau pū ka mākeke ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe honua e neʻe i ʻAsia. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻokumu nā ʻoihana semiconductor IC, optoelectronics, a me photovoltaic i ka ʻoihana uila i kahi hui ʻoihana nui ma ʻAsia, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma Kina.
Hoʻokele ʻia e nā mea uila ma lalo, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka mālama ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka meaʻai a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, ua piʻi ka māhele mākeke ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina ma ka mākeke honua mai 19.2% i ka makahiki 2010 a i 29.3% i ka makahiki 2018. I kēia manawa, ke ulu wikiwiki nei ka mākeke ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina. I ka makahiki 2017, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mākeke lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina ma mua o 100 biliona yuan no ka manawa mua; i ka makahiki 2019, ua hōʻea ka nui o ka mākeke lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina i 165.51 biliona yuan. Ua hōʻike ka nui o ka mākeke ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe o koʻu ʻāina i ka piʻi linear i kēlā me kēia makahiki, kahi i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia me ka honua, a ua hōʻike ka māhele mākeke honua holoʻokoʻa i kahi ʻano e piʻi nei i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e pili pū ana me ka hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻana o ka ikaika aupuni piha o Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
ʻO ka "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Long-term Goals for 2035" e kālele ana i nā ʻoihana e kū mai ana e like me ka ʻenehana ʻike hanauna hou, biotechnology, ikehu hou, nā mea hou, nā lako kiʻekiʻe, nā kaʻa ikehu hou, ka palekana kaiapuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo, aerospace, nā lako moana, a pēlā aku, e hoʻolalelale i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, a e hoʻolalelale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻoihana e like me ka biomedicine, ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā meaola, nā biomaterials, a me ka bioenergy. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻo ka hoʻomohala wikiwiki ʻana o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe i luna e hoʻokele hou aku i ka ulu wikiwiki o ka mākeke lumi maʻemaʻe. Ua manaʻo ʻia e hiki aku ka nui o ka mākeke lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina i 358.65 biliona yuan ma ka makahiki 2026, a e hoʻokō i kahi ulu kiʻekiʻe o 15.01% ma ka awelika o ka ulu hui makahiki mai 2016 a 2026.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Pepeluali-24-2025