Ka hānau ʻana o ka lumi maʻemaʻe
ʻO ka puka ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻenehana āpau ma muli o ka pono o ka hana. ʻAʻole ʻokoʻa ka ʻenehana lumi maʻemaʻe. I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua II, pono e hana hou ʻia nā gyroscope ea ea i hana ʻia ma ʻAmelika no ka hoʻokele mokulele i ka awelika o 120 mau manawa no kēlā me kēia 10 gyroscopes ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole. I ka wā o ke Kaua Peninsula Korea i ka makahiki 1950, ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona mau mea uila i hoʻololi ʻia i loko o ka 160,000 lako kelepona uila ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. He 84% o ka manawa ka hemahema o ka radar, a he 48% o ka manawa. ʻO ke kumu ʻo nā mea uila a me nā ʻāpana ʻaʻole i hilinaʻi maikaʻi ʻole a paʻa ʻole ka maikaʻi. Ua noiʻi ka pūʻali koa a me nā mea hana i ke kumu a ua hoʻoholo hope loa mai nā ʻano he nui e pili ana i kahi wahi hana maʻemaʻe. ʻOiai ʻaʻohe kālā i mālama ʻia a ua lawe ʻia nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi e pani i ka hale hana hana, he liʻiliʻi nā hopena. No laila, ʻo kēia ka hānau ʻana o ka lumi maʻemaʻe!
Hoʻomohala lumi maʻemaʻe
ʻO ka pae mua: A hiki i ka makahiki 1950, ʻo ka HEPA-High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter, i hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia e ka US Atomic Energy Commission ma 1951 e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o ka hopu ʻana i ka lepo radioactive e pōʻino i ke kanaka, ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana lawe. o na hale hana hana. Ua hānau maoli ka kānana ea i kahi lumi maʻemaʻe me ke ʻano o kēia wā.
ʻO ka pae ʻelua: I ka makahiki 1961, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Willis Whitfield, he kanaka noiʻi koʻikoʻi ma Sandia National Laboratories ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo laminar flow i kēlā manawa, a ua kapa ʻia kēia manawa unidirectional flow. (unidirectional flow) hoʻolālā hui hoʻoheheʻe ea maʻemaʻe a hoʻohana ʻia i nā papahana maoli. Mai ia manawa, ua hōʻea ka lumi maʻemaʻe i kahi pae maʻemaʻe ʻole.
ʻO ke kolu o ka pae: I ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻokumu a hoʻopuka ka US Air Force i ka maʻamau maʻemaʻe mua o ka honua TO-00-25--203 Air Force Directive "Standard for the Design and Operational Characteristics of Clean Rooms and Clean Benches." Ma kēia kumu, ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka US federal standard FED-STD-209, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i nā lumi maʻemaʻe i ʻekolu pae, i ka mahina ʻo Dekemaba 1963. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka prototype o ka ʻenehana lumi maʻemaʻe kūpono.
ʻO nā holomua koʻikoʻi ʻekolu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei he ʻekolu mau milestone i ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā lumi maʻemaʻe hou.
I ka waena o nā makahiki 1960, ua puka mai nā lumi maʻemaʻe ma nā ʻāpana ʻoihana like ʻole ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻAʻole ia i hoʻohana wale ʻia i ka ʻoihana koa, akā ua hoʻolaha ʻia i ka uila, optics, micro bearings, micro motors, photosensitive films, ultrapure chemical reagents a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, e pāʻani nui ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema, ʻenehana a me ka ʻoihana. ia manawa. No kēia hopena, he hōʻike kikoʻī kēia i nā ʻāina kūloko a me nā ʻāina ʻē.
Hoʻohālikelike hoʻomohala
Ma nā ʻāina ʻē: I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1950, i mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka pilikia o ka hopu ʻana i ka lepo radioactive e pōʻino i ke kino o ke kanaka, ua hoʻokomo ka US Atomic Energy Commission i ka kānana ea ʻeleʻele kiʻekiʻe (HEPA) i ka makahiki 1950. ka moʻolelo o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana maʻemaʻe. I ka makahiki 1960, ua ulu aʻe nā lumi maʻemaʻe i nā mīkini kiko uila a me nā hale hana ʻē aʻe ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomaka ke kaʻina o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana lumi maʻemaʻe ʻenehana i nā lumi maʻemaʻe biological. I ka makahiki 1961, ua hānau ʻia ka lumi maʻemaʻe ke kahe laminar (unidirectional flow). ʻO ke kūlana lumi maʻemaʻe mua loa o ka honua - Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ʻo US Air Force Technical Doctrine 203. I nā makahiki 1970 mua, ua hoʻomaka ka manaʻo o ke kūkulu hale maʻemaʻe i ka ʻoihana lapaʻau, lāʻau lapaʻau, meaʻai a me nā ʻoihana biochemical. Ma waho aʻe o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo nā ʻāina holomua ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e like me Iapana, Kelemānia, United Kingdom, Farani, Switzerland, ka Soviet Union mua, Netherlands, etc. Ma hope o nā makahiki 1980, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Iapana i nā kānana ultra-hepa hou me kahi kānana kānana o 0.1 μm a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o 99.99%. ʻO ka hope, ua kūkulu ʻia nā lumi maʻemaʻe ultra-hepa me 0.1μm pae 10 a me 0.1μm pae 1, kahi i lawe mai ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana maʻemaʻe i kahi au hou.
Kina: Mai nā makahiki 1960 a hiki i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970, ʻo kēia mau makahiki he ʻumi ka pae hoʻomaka a hoʻokumu o ka ʻenehana lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina. He ʻumi makahiki ma hope aku ma mua o nā ʻāina ʻē. He au kūikawā a paʻakikī hoʻi ia, me ka hoʻokele waiwai nāwaliwali a ʻaʻohe diplomacy aupuni ikaika. Ma lalo o kēlā mau kūlana paʻakikī a me nā pono o nā mīkini kikoʻī, nā mea hana mokulele a me nā ʻoihana uila, ua hoʻomaka nā limahana ʻenehana lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina i kā lākou huakaʻi ʻoihana. Mai ka hopena o nā makahiki 1970 a hiki i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1980, ua ʻike ka ʻenehana lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina i kahi pae hoʻomohala lā. I ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina, nui nā ʻāina a me nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i hānau ʻia ma kēia pae. Ua hōʻea nā hōʻailona i ka pae ʻenehana o nā ʻāina ʻē i ka makahiki 1980. Mai ka 1990s mua a hiki i kēia manawa, ua paʻa ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kina, ua hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻopukapuka kālā honua, a ua kūkulu ʻia kekahi mau hui multinational i nā hale hana microelectronics ma Kina. No laila, loaʻa i nā ʻenehana kūloko a me nā mea noiʻi nā manawa kūpono e hoʻopili pololei i nā manaʻo hoʻolālā o nā lumi maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻāina ʻē, a hoʻomaopopo i nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe o ka honua, ka hoʻokele a me ka mālama ʻana, etc.
Me ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, ke ulu wikiwiki nei nā hui lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka nohona o ka poʻe, a ke piʻi aʻe nei kā lākou koi no ka nohona a me ka maikaʻi o ke ola. Ua hoʻololi mālie ʻia ka ʻenehana ʻenehana lumi maʻemaʻe i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka ea hale. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole kūpono nā papahana lumi maʻemaʻe o Kina no ka uila, nā mea uila, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka meaʻai, ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā hale, nā wahi leʻaleʻa lehulehu, nā kula hoʻonaʻauao, etc. o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana, ua laha mālie nā hui ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe i nā tausani o nā hale. Ua ulu pū ka nui o ka ʻoihana lako lumi maʻemaʻe i kēlā me kēia lā, a ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe e hauʻoli mālie i nā hopena o ka ʻenekinia lumi maʻemaʻe.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-20-2023